The Energy Transition in Poland. Yearbook 2026
Poland’s energy transition is clearly accelerating despite the lack of formal adoption of key government strategies, including the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP). A breakthrough moment, in June last year, marked the first time that renewable energy generation exceeded coal-fired generation. Domestic production of steam coal for power generation has fallen by 47% since 2016. At the same time, renewable energy sources reached a record share of the system’s available capacity, exceeding 51%. However, the rapid changes in the sector are accompanied by continued dependence on fossil fuels, primarily oil and, increasingly, natural gas. The transition is also accelerating on the side of new technologies and adoption by energy consumers themselves. The energy storage sector is developing particularly rapidly, with the capacity of prosumer energy storage systems having reached 0.6 GW in 2025, while storage capacity of these systems doubled over the course of the year. The electric vehicle market is also growing rapidly, increasing by 68%, year on year. The course of Poland’s energy transition and its challenges are presented and analysed in the latest, ninth edition of Forum Energii’s flagship publication, Energy Transition in Poland. Yearbook 2026.
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The Energy Transition in Poland. Yearbook 2026
Poland’s energy transition is clearly accelerating despite the lack of formal adoption of key government strategies, including the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP). A breakthrough moment, in June last year, marked the first time that renewable energy generation exceeded coal-fired generation. Domestic production of steam coal for power generation has fallen by 47% since 2016. At the same time, renewable energy sources reached a record share of the system’s available capacity, exceeding 51%. However, the rapid changes in the sector are accompanied by continued dependence on fossil fuels, primarily oil and, increasingly, natural gas. The transition is also accelerating on the side of new technologies and adoption by energy consumers themselves. The energy storage sector is developing particularly rapidly, with the capacity of prosumer energy storage systems having reached 0.6 GW in 2025, while storage capacity of these systems doubled over the course of the year. The electric vehicle market is also growing rapidly, increasing by 68%, year on year. The course of Poland’s energy transition and its challenges are presented and analysed in the latest, ninth edition of Forum Energii’s flagship publication, Energy Transition in Poland. Yearbook 2026.
From funding instruments to delivery capacity: scaling municipal public-building renovation in Ukraine
Schools, hospitals, kindergartens and administrative buildings provide essential public services. Under repeated attacks on the energy system, they also form part of Ukraine’s resilience infrastructure. Thermo-modernisation can strengthen their role in maintaining essential services while reducing energy consumption and pressure on local energy systems. Renovating the public-building stock is also becoming increasingly urgent because of Ukraine’s 2030 targets and gradual approximation to EU requirements. The scale of investment needs is also substantial: as early as 2020, the European Investment Bank estimated the minimum investment needed to renovate Ukraine’s public buildings at €2 billion. In this context, we present the report From Funding Instruments to Delivery Capacity: Scaling Municipal Public-Building Renovation in Ukraine, which examines the available support instruments and the barriers that constrain municipalities’ ability to prepare and implement energy-renovation projects.
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From funding instruments to delivery capacity: scaling municipal public-building renovation in Ukraine
Schools, hospitals, kindergartens and administrative buildings provide essential public services. Under repeated attacks on the energy system, they also form part of Ukraine’s resilience infrastructure. Thermo-modernisation can strengthen their role in maintaining essential services while reducing energy consumption and pressure on local energy systems. Renovating the public-building stock is also becoming increasingly urgent because of Ukraine’s 2030 targets and gradual approximation to EU requirements. The scale of investment needs is also substantial: as early as 2020, the European Investment Bank estimated the minimum investment needed to renovate Ukraine’s public buildings at €2 billion. In this context, we present the report From Funding Instruments to Delivery Capacity: Scaling Municipal Public-Building Renovation in Ukraine, which examines the available support instruments and the barriers that constrain municipalities’ ability to prepare and implement energy-renovation projects.
Clean Technologies. Competitive Poland. Directions for the Development of Domestic Industry through 2030
Poland’s industrial sector, generating 21-23% of national GDP, is one of the largest manufacturing bases in the European Union. This represents a significant competitive advantage for Poland. The industrial sector is facing both a historic opportunity and a major challenge. Growing pressure from global competition, dramatic fluctuations in energy prices, and the strategic need to reduce dependence on fossil fuel imports mean that Poland needs an active industrial policy. This is the last opportunity to build competitive advantages by making the most of the current economic situation. According to the December 2025 update of the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP), Poland will invest PLN 3-3.5 trillion over the coming years, primarily in clean technologies (cleantech). Demand for these solutions will grow rapidly. In response to these challenges, Forum Energii, in cooperation with the analytical centre SpotData, has published a report entitled Clean Technologies. Competitive Poland. Directions for the Development of Domestic Industry through 2030, which identifies specific solutions and analyses Poland’s potential in the area of clean technologies that could become the country’s strategic specialisations.
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Clean Technologies. Competitive Poland. Directions for the Development of Domestic Industry through 2030
Poland’s industrial sector, generating 21-23% of national GDP, is one of the largest manufacturing bases in the European Union. This represents a significant competitive advantage for Poland. The industrial sector is facing both a historic opportunity and a major challenge. Growing pressure from global competition, dramatic fluctuations in energy prices, and the strategic need to reduce dependence on fossil fuel imports mean that Poland needs an active industrial policy. This is the last opportunity to build competitive advantages by making the most of the current economic situation. According to the December 2025 update of the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP), Poland will invest PLN 3-3.5 trillion over the coming years, primarily in clean technologies (cleantech). Demand for these solutions will grow rapidly. In response to these challenges, Forum Energii, in cooperation with the analytical centre SpotData, has published a report entitled Clean Technologies. Competitive Poland. Directions for the Development of Domestic Industry through 2030, which identifies specific solutions and analyses Poland’s potential in the area of clean technologies that could become the country’s strategic specialisations.
To be or not to be continued? Analysis of the Just Transition Fund implementation across six EU countries
We are now at the midpoint of the current Multiannual Financial Framework. Looking back at the implementation to date, it is important to acknowledge that the Just Transition Mechanism, and in particular the Just Transition Fund (JTF), were new instruments that required significant institutional and administrative adjustments from all stakeholders. The regulation establishing the JTF was adopted in June 2021. The majority of the Territorial Just Transition Plans (TJTPs) had been approved by the European Commission by the end of 2022, with only the Bulgarian one completed in 2023. At this point, the programming of the JTF was effectively finished and implementation could finally commence.
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To be or not to be continued? Analysis of the Just Transition Fund implementation across six EU countries
We are now at the midpoint of the current Multiannual Financial Framework. Looking back at the implementation to date, it is important to acknowledge that the Just Transition Mechanism, and in particular the Just Transition Fund (JTF), were new instruments that required significant institutional and administrative adjustments from all stakeholders. The regulation establishing the JTF was adopted in June 2021. The majority of the Territorial Just Transition Plans (TJTPs) had been approved by the European Commission by the end of 2022, with only the Bulgarian one completed in 2023. At this point, the programming of the JTF was effectively finished and implementation could finally commence.
Modernisation or marginalisation. How can industrial electrification ensure security, competitiveness and economic growth for Poland?
Industry plays a crucial role in the Polish economy, accounting for 23% of GDP and providing employment for more than 3 million people. Poland is also one of the most industrialised countries in the European Union and represents an important link in European supply chains. At the same time, Polish industry is falling behind in the competitiveness race. The sector’s strong dependence on imported fossil fuels, which raises the risks in energy security and independence, combined with the progressing decarbonisation of the economy, means that without investment in modern technologies Polish companies may be less competitive than businesses from China and the United States. As shown in the latest report by Forum Energii, Modernisation or marginalisation. How can industrial electrification ensure Poland’s security, competitiveness, and economic growth for Poland?, technological solutions enabling the electrification of more than 60% of heat currently used in manufacturing industry are already available. Their implementation would permanently reduce the sector’s dependence on gas and coal prices, thereby strengthening its competitiveness.
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Modernisation or marginalisation. How can industrial electrification ensure security, competitiveness and economic growth for Poland?
Industry plays a crucial role in the Polish economy, accounting for 23% of GDP and providing employment for more than 3 million people. Poland is also one of the most industrialised countries in the European Union and represents an important link in European supply chains. At the same time, Polish industry is falling behind in the competitiveness race. The sector’s strong dependence on imported fossil fuels, which raises the risks in energy security and independence, combined with the progressing decarbonisation of the economy, means that without investment in modern technologies Polish companies may be less competitive than businesses from China and the United States. As shown in the latest report by Forum Energii, Modernisation or marginalisation. How can industrial electrification ensure Poland’s security, competitiveness, and economic growth for Poland?, technological solutions enabling the electrification of more than 60% of heat currently used in manufacturing industry are already available. Their implementation would permanently reduce the sector’s dependence on gas and coal prices, thereby strengthening its competitiveness.
Critical raw materials in the energy transition. Assessing Ukraine’s potential for EU supply chains
Critical raw materials (CRMs) sit at the core of the EU’s clean transition: from batteries and wind turbines to grids and solar panels. With supply chains concentrated and exposed to geopolitical risk, the EU is increasingly looking to partnerships with like-minded countries. In this context, Ukraine has geological potential in some CRMs relevant to the EU’s clean transition, but its current role in EU supply chains remains marginal. Ukraine exported only two CRMs to the EU as primary raw materials – titanium and natural graphite – together accounting for less than 0.2% of Ukraine’s exports to the EU in 2024. We present the report “Critical raw materials in the energy transition: assessing Ukraine's potential for EU supply chain” prepared under Green Deal Ukraїna (GDU), a German-Polish-Ukrainian project, which was implemented as part of the European Programme at Forum Energii, with Forum Energii as a project partner.
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Critical raw materials in the energy transition. Assessing Ukraine’s potential for EU supply chains
Critical raw materials (CRMs) sit at the core of the EU’s clean transition: from batteries and wind turbines to grids and solar panels. With supply chains concentrated and exposed to geopolitical risk, the EU is increasingly looking to partnerships with like-minded countries. In this context, Ukraine has geological potential in some CRMs relevant to the EU’s clean transition, but its current role in EU supply chains remains marginal. Ukraine exported only two CRMs to the EU as primary raw materials – titanium and natural graphite – together accounting for less than 0.2% of Ukraine’s exports to the EU in 2024. We present the report “Critical raw materials in the energy transition: assessing Ukraine's potential for EU supply chain” prepared under Green Deal Ukraїna (GDU), a German-Polish-Ukrainian project, which was implemented as part of the European Programme at Forum Energii, with Forum Energii as a project partner.
Heating Sector Transition in Poland. 2025 Edition
Forum Energii has published the first edition of its report Heating Sector Transition in Poland. 2025 Edition, which will now be published in English annually. The document shows that heating—encompassing both district heating systems and individual heating—constitutes the second-largest energy sector in Poland, crucial not only for air quality but also for the country’s energy security, fuel balance, and the reduction of raw material imports. The effectiveness of the heat generation transition will determine not only the burden on household budgets, but also the future of several hundred heating plants operating across Poland. The price crisis of recent years has shown that the sector’s challenges extend well beyond smog to include rising heating costs and slow technological modernisation. The Forum Energii report is intended to serve as a comprehensive knowledge base for the heating sector and as a support for the development of a coherent, long-term strategy for the industry.
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Heating Sector Transition in Poland. 2025 Edition
Forum Energii has published the first edition of its report Heating Sector Transition in Poland. 2025 Edition, which will now be published in English annually. The document shows that heating—encompassing both district heating systems and individual heating—constitutes the second-largest energy sector in Poland, crucial not only for air quality but also for the country’s energy security, fuel balance, and the reduction of raw material imports. The effectiveness of the heat generation transition will determine not only the burden on household budgets, but also the future of several hundred heating plants operating across Poland. The price crisis of recent years has shown that the sector’s challenges extend well beyond smog to include rising heating costs and slow technological modernisation. The Forum Energii report is intended to serve as a comprehensive knowledge base for the heating sector and as a support for the development of a coherent, long-term strategy for the industry.
Energy Transition in Poland. Edition 2025
Poland’s energy transition is gaining momentum, and although it still lacks coherent and strategic policy documents to guide it. there are now tangible results: in 2024, coal’s share in electricity production fell to a record low of 56.2%. At the same time, the role of renewable energy sources (RES) is growing, with their share in electricity generation reaching 29.4%. However, the development of RES continues to be hindered by legislative barriers and a lack of institutional coordination (among ministries, regulators, system operators, and local governments). Poland has completely stopped importing gas and coal from Russia but is becoming increasingly dependent on other suppliers—in 2023, energy imports reached 45%. The eighth edition of the report Energy Transition in Poland. Edition 2025 by Forum Energii shows that while change is happening, it remains inconsistent, costly, and insufficient in the face of current challenges.
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Energy Transition in Poland. Edition 2025
Poland’s energy transition is gaining momentum, and although it still lacks coherent and strategic policy documents to guide it. there are now tangible results: in 2024, coal’s share in electricity production fell to a record low of 56.2%. At the same time, the role of renewable energy sources (RES) is growing, with their share in electricity generation reaching 29.4%. However, the development of RES continues to be hindered by legislative barriers and a lack of institutional coordination (among ministries, regulators, system operators, and local governments). Poland has completely stopped importing gas and coal from Russia but is becoming increasingly dependent on other suppliers—in 2023, energy imports reached 45%. The eighth edition of the report Energy Transition in Poland. Edition 2025 by Forum Energii shows that while change is happening, it remains inconsistent, costly, and insufficient in the face of current challenges.
European Union Energy Security. How can we become independent from Russian fuels by the end of 2027?
For more than three years, the European Union has been reducing its dependence on Russian fossil fuels, treating this as a key element of its security policy, which at the same time is consistent with its climate policy. Despite the introduction of initiatives such as the RePowerEU plan or the roadmap published in May 2025 to move away from energy imports from Russia, member states are still spending billions of euros on Russian raw materials. In a new report entitled The energy security of the European Union. How to become independent from Russian fuels by the end of 2027? Forum Energii, and independent think tank from Poland supporting the energy transition, and the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA), an independent think tank that monitors the impact of the energy sector on the climate, the economy, and public health, show that complete independence of the EU from Russian energy sources is possible. However, it requires concrete action and solidarity compliance with sanctions by all member states.
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European Union Energy Security. How can we become independent from Russian fuels by the end of 2027?
For more than three years, the European Union has been reducing its dependence on Russian fossil fuels, treating this as a key element of its security policy, which at the same time is consistent with its climate policy. Despite the introduction of initiatives such as the RePowerEU plan or the roadmap published in May 2025 to move away from energy imports from Russia, member states are still spending billions of euros on Russian raw materials. In a new report entitled The energy security of the European Union. How to become independent from Russian fuels by the end of 2027? Forum Energii, and independent think tank from Poland supporting the energy transition, and the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA), an independent think tank that monitors the impact of the energy sector on the climate, the economy, and public health, show that complete independence of the EU from Russian energy sources is possible. However, it requires concrete action and solidarity compliance with sanctions by all member states.
Capacity and Flexibility: What Kind of Capacity Market Does a Modern Power System Need?
In the first six months of this year, Poland wasted the potential to generate nearly 800 GWh of electricity from renewable energy sources—more than in the entire year of 2024. The growing mismatch between energy consumption and the output of wind and solar power plants is driving up the cost of operating the system month by month. Meanwhile, demand for electricity is increasing during the winter when there is less sunlight and some days are windless. At the same time, costly and depreciated coal units are approaching decommissioning. Two key needs emerge: making the system more flexible, and encouraging investments in new capacity that can operate effectively under the new system. These challenges, along with an analysis of the relationship between capacity adequacy and system flexibility, and recommendations for a reformed capacity market, are addressed in the latest report by Forum Energii, developed in cooperation with Magnus Energy, a pan-European energy transition consultancy, titled Capacity and Flexibility: What Kind of Capacity Market Does a Modern Power System Need?
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Capacity and Flexibility: What Kind of Capacity Market Does a Modern Power System Need?
In the first six months of this year, Poland wasted the potential to generate nearly 800 GWh of electricity from renewable energy sources—more than in the entire year of 2024. The growing mismatch between energy consumption and the output of wind and solar power plants is driving up the cost of operating the system month by month. Meanwhile, demand for electricity is increasing during the winter when there is less sunlight and some days are windless. At the same time, costly and depreciated coal units are approaching decommissioning. Two key needs emerge: making the system more flexible, and encouraging investments in new capacity that can operate effectively under the new system. These challenges, along with an analysis of the relationship between capacity adequacy and system flexibility, and recommendations for a reformed capacity market, are addressed in the latest report by Forum Energii, developed in cooperation with Magnus Energy, a pan-European energy transition consultancy, titled Capacity and Flexibility: What Kind of Capacity Market Does a Modern Power System Need?
Investment Horizon. Conclusions from Modeling the Polish Energy System to 2040
Poland has just completed its presidential elections, yet strategic decisions regarding the future of the energy sector—including the development of new generation capacities (notably renewables) and the modernisation of district heating—still await resolution. The revision of the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) and a strategy for the heating sector are also still pending. In response to the need for a deeper debate on the direction of Poland’s energy transition, Forum Energii has published a new report entitled The Time for Investment: Insights from Energy System Modelling for Poland 2040.
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Investment Horizon. Conclusions from Modeling the Polish Energy System to 2040
Poland has just completed its presidential elections, yet strategic decisions regarding the future of the energy sector—including the development of new generation capacities (notably renewables) and the modernisation of district heating—still await resolution. The revision of the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) and a strategy for the heating sector are also still pending. In response to the need for a deeper debate on the direction of Poland’s energy transition, Forum Energii has published a new report entitled The Time for Investment: Insights from Energy System Modelling for Poland 2040.
Towards sustainable energy security. Europe needs a new strategy now
The European Union needs a new energy security strategy that integrates the energy transition into the current geopolitical landscape and addresses key challenges. The Russian war against Ukraine, political changes in the United States, and significant international tensions serve as important signals for rethinking how to strenghten Europe's resilience to crises. As global dynamics continue to shift, a fresh strategic approach has become essential.
Forum Energii, in collaboration with leading European experts, has published a report that outlines a new framework for ensuring a secure, resilient, and sustainable energy future for the EU. The report’s publication coincides with Poland’s Presidency of the EU Council which has set energy security as one of its priorities.
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Towards sustainable energy security. Europe needs a new strategy now
The European Union needs a new energy security strategy that integrates the energy transition into the current geopolitical landscape and addresses key challenges. The Russian war against Ukraine, political changes in the United States, and significant international tensions serve as important signals for rethinking how to strenghten Europe's resilience to crises. As global dynamics continue to shift, a fresh strategic approach has become essential.
Forum Energii, in collaboration with leading European experts, has published a report that outlines a new framework for ensuring a secure, resilient, and sustainable energy future for the EU. The report’s publication coincides with Poland’s Presidency of the EU Council which has set energy security as one of its priorities.
